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2025 A Review on Offline Localization Strategies Using Swarm Intelligence Focusing on Belief Propagation and Internet of Vehicles (IoV)

Accurate offline localization is a critical challenge in IoV and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), where GNSS-denied environments, sensor noise, and computational constraints hinder real-time positioning. This paper explores the integration of Belief Propagation (BP) with Swarm Intelligence (SI) to enhance localization accuracy and scalability. BP employs probabilistic message passing to iteratively refine node positions, while SI techniques leverage adaptive optimization for faster convergence. A mathematical model incorporating Gaussian probability updates is implemented to manage uncertainty. Visualization experiments illustrate how mobility, communication range, and obstacles impact localization performance. Comparative analyses show that the proposed BP and SI hybrid method achieves average of 98% localization accuracy with 0.7589m RMSE, in different scenarios, outperforming standalone SI methods. This study contributes to next-generation IoV localization strategies, improving real-time adaptive positioning in intelligent transportation networks.

International Conference on Advanced Technologies, Computer Engineering and Science
ICATCES

Ossama Bin Raza Michael Bidollahkhani Pınar Haskul Parisa Memarmoshref

95 94
Subject Area: Computer Science Broadcast Area: International Type: Article Language: English